From psyche to soul

Front row: Freud, unknown, Jung

Few authors in psychology have become as famous as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. And few were initially as close, but later fell out over their different ideas.

In this article the lives of these outstanding men are explored in terms of their sidereal or Vedic horoscopes, based on the Systems' Approach to Interpreting Horoscopes. 

In some sense, their innovations have by now been eclipsed by Western allopathic medicine, which can treat difficult mental illnesses, on the one hand, and on the other by Eastern methodologies for wellness, both physical and psychological, that can bring relief to those suffering from mental troubles or unhappiness. 

Let's begin with a review of their lives.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor by training, was deeply influenced by Darwin’s theories. He saw humans as evolved animals and believed that all behavior, including neuroses, stemmed from the repression of primal drives of sex and aggression. Freud theorized that personality disorders were rooted in childhood experiences that had been long forgotten.

Freud’s practice was largely composed of women patients seeking treatment. For women, Freud theorized that their psychological development involved the early realization of their lack of a penis, leading to feelings of castration and inferiority.

Despite his atheism, Freud dedicated his adult life to working closely with patients, delving into the unconscious and dreams. His theories were developed through the self-analysis of his own dreams, a pioneering approach that contributed significantly to psychiatry.

Freud’s work was groundbreaking in its exploration of the personal unconscious in the quest for mental health. He believed that by bringing repressed memories and experiences into conscious awareness, individuals could find relief from their symptoms. This formed the basis of his psychoanalytic therapy, which focused on healing childhood trauma through the exploration of the unconscious mind.

Freud’s magnum opus, The Interpretation of Dreams, was first published on November 4, 1899, but bore the publication date of 1900 to symbolize its association with the dawn of a new century. The book initially received a lukewarm response, with only 600 copies printed and taking eight years to sell out. However, it later gained popularity and influence, leading Freud to publish seven more editions in his lifetime, each time revising and expanding the text.

Freud’s work on the interpretation of dreams laid the foundation for the development of psychoanalysis as a method of treating mental disorders. His theories, though controversial, have had a profound impact on the field of psychology and continue to influence contemporary thought on the human mind and behavior."

In the 1920s, Freud became world famous. His groundbreaking ideas transcended the realm of science, captivating intellectuals, artists, and the public alike. His influence was so profound that he was repeatedly nominated for both the Nobel Prize in Literature and Medicine, despite never clinching either. His followers formed a global network, establishing psychoanalytic societies and journals, even as his theories sparked debates among psychologists, philosophers, and religious authorities.

Freud’s seminal work, The Ego and the Id published in April 1923, introduced his structural model of the psyche, dividing it into the id, the ego, and the superego. The book was met with both acclaim and criticism. Ernest Jones, Freud’s close associate, hailed it as a landmark in human thought, while Karl Abraham, a prominent psychoanalyst, underscored its significance for psychoanalytic theory. However, Otto Rank, a former Freud disciple, criticized it as a regression to pre-scientific psychology.

Carl Jung

Born into a humble family, Carl G. Jung’s life was a testament to the power of resilience and determination. His journey began with a childhood marked by poverty, but his relentless drive to succeed propelled him forward. At the tender age of 12, he faced a severe psychotic episode triggered by bullying, leading to a six-month hiatus from school. However, overhearing his father’s despair about his future, Jung found the will to recover.

When Jung was 21 and in his second year of university, his father’s death threatened to end his academic pursuits due to financial constraints. The expectation was for him to leave university, find employment, and support his mother and sister. Defying these expectations, Jung secured a loan and completed his studies. 

At 28, Jung’s life took a significant turn when he married into Switzerland’s second wealthiest family. This newfound wealth liberated him from the financial shackles of his profession, enabling him to work independently. Jung’s personal life was far from exemplary. Known as a womanizer, he had numerous affairs, including a long-term relationship with a former patient. His wife threatened to leave him multiple times, but each time, Jung’s psychotic episodes kept her from leaving. She would have taken her fortune with her when she left."

"In her will, the heiress bequeathed the bulk of her estate to her children, leaving Jung only the minimum amount demanded by law. After she died, Jung thought himself poor and took unnecessary measures to save money and live frugally (Bair, 2003)."

Jung spent his days healing wounded emotions through "talk therapy." However, he was not noted for clarity of thought. Jung was often criticized for a meandering writing style. He had a gift for expression, but it didn't necessarily guarantee his success. Nonetheless, he left behind a large collection of written words."

Throughout his life, Jung remained devoted to the study of the unconscious, developing his theories through personal consultations and introspection. 

"He lived to the hilt; gave himself away, where he sacrificed himself, he also fell from grace. He invented depth psychology, studied the shadow, astrology, and alchemy. He married money, had affairs, a near-death experience, psychotic episodes, and was the first to realize that alcoholism is a disease of spirit.

Despite the financial hardships and personal challenges that Jung faced throughout his life, his theories have had a profound impact on the field of psychology. His exploration into the collective unconscious and the development of the concept of archetypes have provided valuable insights into understanding the human psyche. In one way "he attempted to find balance in the inner reaches of the psyche". As such, his work continues to influence modern psychology and his exploration of his own shadow and his contributions to psychology are his enduring gifts to the world. It has been observed that "When Jung died, his public life came into the spotlight."

Famous falling out

In 1907, a young Carl Jung met Sigmund Freud and was quickly hailed as the successor to Freud’s psychoanalytic throne. Their initial unity, however, began to crumble by 1911 due to Jung’s interest in the Zurich occult and his concept of the collective unconscious, which Freud refused to acknowledge.

The rift deepened with Jung’s rejection of Freud’s theory that neurosis had a sexual basis. As such, Jung's work could be understood to be a refutation of the basis of Freud's psychoanalytic work. Jung’s Psychology of the Unconscious, published in 1912, signaled his departure from Freud’s theories. To differentiate his approach, he named it analytical psychology. 

As the Freud-Jung relationship deteriorated, a Secret Committee was formed to protect the psychoanalytic movement’s theoretical and institutional legacy. However, Jung eventually resigned from his editorial and presidential roles and the Zurich Society withdrew from the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). In January 1913 Jung had an official split with Freud, marked by a terse exchange of letters. Jung then found himself excluded from Freud’s inner circle and plunged into another psychotic episode. This period of introspection enriched his understanding of the unconscious for the rest of his life. Despite the professional setback and social marginalization orchestrated by Freud, Jung used this period productively for self-study of the personal unconscious. He emerged with a new understanding of the psyche as a battleground of inner gods.

Significant events in Freud's life

Here are ten significant dates in the life of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis:

1. May 6, 1856: Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic) to Jewish parents.
2. 1873: Freud entered the University of Vienna to study medicine.
3. 1885: Freud completed his habilitation and became a docent in neuropathology.
4. 1886: Freud married Martha Bernays and opened his private practice in Vienna.
5. 1896: Freud coined the term “psychoanalysis” and published The Aetiology of Hysteria, in which he outlined his theory of repression.
6. 1900: Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, his magnum opus and the first comprehensive exposition of his psychoanalytic theory.
7. 1914: Freud published On Narcissism, in which he introduced the concept of the ego and its relation to the id and the super-ego.
8. 1923: Freud published The Ego and the Id, in which he elaborated his structural model of the psyche.
9. 1930: Freud received the Goethe Prize for his contributions to literature and psychology.
10. September 23, 1939: Freud died in London, England, after suffering from cancer of the jaw and throat for 16 years.

The astrology of Freud's chart

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 at 6:30 p.m. (LMT -1:12:36) in Pribor, Czechia (then Frieberg, Germany), giving 14° Libra rising.

Libra is a moveable, airy and positive sign ruled by Venus, the significator for materialistic pursuits and comforts. Saturn, the planet of hard work and discipline, is exalted in this sign and the Sun, the significator of vitality and status, is debilitated. 

If Venus is strong, these factors render the Librans a magnetic personality, and they enjoy good health. Otherwise, they are vulnerable to diseases.

Libra signifies sense of justice, clarity, strong will-power, optimism and is highly sensitive. Its talkative characteristic provides the person capacity to communicate, including the use of body language and facial expressions for making the communication more effective. Its positive characteristic makes the person a contributor instead of being only a consumer. Its airy characteristic makes the person a thinker. Its semi-fruitful characteristic blesses the native with affluence and resourcefulness in life. 

Rahu and Ketu and Mercury are functional malefic planet for this ascendant, while Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, the Moon and the Sun are functional benefic planets. 

Libras are intelligent, restless and good natured and have a pleasant disposition. They want to win others with love and hate violence. They have keen interest in performing and fine arts. The weakness and affliction to Venus can turn them into depressed, stubborn, argumentative and annoying persons. 

Venus makes the person a life saviour through the practice of medicine and gives tremendous growth in business activities. As first lord Venus is well placed but weak in the 7th house of others, Freud was vulnerable to disease. Mars, as dispositor of the 7th house, is badly placed in the 12th house of losses. Indeed, Freud battled cancer for the last 16 years of his life. However, this is explained by Venus being conjunct the planet Rahu, which brings such hard to diagnose, long set illnesses. He was in Ketu major period and Rahu sub-period when he died.

A strong Saturn, being yoga karaka planet for this nativity, makes the person worldly wise and shrewd. Indeed, Freud's 5th lord Saturn, ruling his creative powers, was well placed in the 9th house of preferment and luck. His first work, that made him famous, was created and published at the start of his Saturn major period.

 

The eleventh house, signifying income, elder brothers, friends and desires, is ruled by the royal planet, the Sun. They think big and enjoy successes of a high order. They enjoy the patronage of highly placed friends, elder brothers and governmental authorities, whenever the Sun is strong in the nativity. Freud's Sun was exalted in the 7th house of others, suggesting his goals were focused on discerning their problems.

His 3rd lord Jupiter, which rules communication but also "younger brothers" is placed in the 6th house of conflict. Freud's falling out happened in his Saturn major period and Rahu sub-period, but also just preceded the Saturn-Jupiter period. The rupture of the friendship must have been a difficult experience for Freud as well.

Significant events in Jung's life

Here are ten significant dates in the life of Carl Jung, the founder of analytical psychology:

1. July 26, 1875: Jung was born in Kesswil, Switzerland, to a pastor and a philologist.
2. 1906: Jung began a correspondence and collaboration with Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis.
3. 1912: Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious, in which he diverged from Freud’s theory and introduced his own concepts of the collective unconscious and the archetypes.
4. 1913: Jung experienced a series of visions and fantasies that he later recorded and analyzed in his Red Book.
5. 1921: Jung published Psychological Types, in which he proposed the distinction between the introverted and the extraverted personality types.
6. 1934: Jung became the first president of the International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy.
7. 1938: Jung visited India and met with Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.
8. 1944: Jung suffered a near-fatal heart attack and had a series of near-death experiences that influenced his later work.
9. November 27, 1955: Emma Jung, born Emma Marie Rauschenbach, the wife of Carl Jung, died.
10. June 6, 1961: Jung died in Küsnacht, Switzerland, after a long illness.

The astrology of Jung's chart

Carl Jung was born on July 26, 1875 at 7:32 p.m. (LMT – 0:37:20) in Kesswil, Switzerland. This time gives 9° Capricorn rising.

Capricorn is an earthy, negative, introvert and movable sign ruled by Saturn, the significator of dutifulness and responsibility. Mars, the significator of energy and ambition, is exalted in this sign and Jupiter, the significator of fortune and knowledge, is debilitated. These factors render the people born in Capricorn ascendant ambitious and hardworking. Capricorn is the sign of practical realization. At the same time they are conservative but selfish and selective in approach. They are secretive, pensive, proud and fastidious. They are vigilant and tactful. They have compromising nature in order to achieve leadership.

Rahu and Ketu, the Sun and Jupiter are functional malefic planets for Capricorn ascendant, while Saturn, Mars, the Moon, Mercury and Venus are functional benefic planets.

A domineering placement in the chart is Sun in the 7th house MEP, from where it aspects the 1st house of self. As 8th lord of obstacles and endings as well as easy gains, the Sun explains that he attracted a wealthy spouse. However, the same placement also caused troubles in his marriage, given his selfish behaviour. 

Carl Jung had 9th lord Mercury in the 6th house of conflict, enmity and illness. This gave a deep interest in higher ideas. Moreover, as Mercury is conjunct Venus as 10th lord of career, this helped to propel him high through his writings.

Jung's relationship with Freud is also seen in this 6th house combination, showing conflict with guru, but also with the aspect of 8th lord Sun to the 9th house. Carl Jung was destined to cause his teacher some amount of consternation, followed by a famous falling out between them, when Freud rejected Jung as his disciple, and open conflict, as Freud openly opposed his teachings.

The placement of Saturn in infancy but its own Moolatrikona sign of Aquarius, gave Carl Jung good status. Venus as 10th lord in the 6th house, albeit conjunct 9th lord Mercury, also gave luck in career, that resulted from conflict. Jung had to struggle for a long time for his ideas to reach the masses, which happened more after his death. The falling out with Freud made Jung famous by association. The bad placement and weakness of 10th lord Venus also explains the poverty of his family when growing up, although its did not prevent him from marrying rich.

The placement of 4th lord Mars in old age in the 11th house of friendship and income, shows that his inner harmony was sensitive and vulnerable to setbacks associated with challenging transits. Indeed, he became seriously despondent at various stages of his life, linked also to alliances and income. Moreover, with Moon ruling mind and as 7th lord ruling spouse and relationships, in the 4th house of inner harmony, Jung fell ill but his great fortune was that his wife took good care of him. 

The Sun is also the significator for the soul, whereas Jupiter is the significator for morality and generosity. While these planets are functional malefic planets for people with Capricorn ascendant, they may, if strong and not afflicting or afflicted, ensure a happy and harmonious married life. In Jung's case, Jupiter is well placed but weak in infancy of 10th house, whereas the Sun, strong by degree, was weak on account of its own affliction to the 7th house of spouse. 

Epilogue

The Western approach to understanding the mind, as exemplified by Freud and Jung, differs significantly from the Eastern approach. Freud and Jung focused on analyzing the unconscious mind, with Freud emphasizing the influence of repressed emotions, desires, and memories, and Jung introducing the concept of the collective unconscious. At the same time, both were in some way influenced by the 19th century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer who was influenced by Eastern philosophies. For instance, Schopenhauer’s philosophy of the will and his exploration of the nature of desire greatly influenced Jung’s understanding of the unconscious. 

In turn, the Eastern approach emphasizes a holistic view of the mind, body, and spirit, and promotes a balanced lifestyle that includes proper nutrition, regular exercise, and mindfulness practices. Indeed, Eastern mystics and their practices, such as yoga, aim to connect the individual with the all-pervading consciousness or life itself. The goal is not to ignore one’s mind and bodily sensations, but rather to achieve a state of balance and harmony beyond mental activity and bodily sensations that leads to a profound sense of peace and happiness.

In fact, for most people the best way to achieve health, happiness and wellbeing is not talk therapy and analysis, as Freud and even Jung advocated, but inner work that quiets the mind and ignores the bodily sensations, in order to experience life at its most pure and vibrant source, deep within ourselves. In a way, the work has thus shifted from the psyche to the soul. 

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The psyche refers to the mental or psychological part of a human being. It is considered to encompass a wide range of mental processes, including perception, cognition, emotion, and behavior. It is studied by psychologists and neuroscientists, and believed to be the key to understanding human behavior and mental health. The soul, on the other hand, is associated with religious or philosophical beliefs, and is believed to be the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being. It’s often viewed as the essence of a person, responsible for their personality, consciousness, and morality. 

References

• Allan, Kathy (2009). “Re-Visioning the Lunar Nodes”. The Mountain Astrologer, 2009/10.
• Bair, Deirdre (2003), Jung: A Biography, Back Bay Books.
• Sadhguru (2023). "The Scientific Benefits of Inner Engineering". 
• SapienThink (2023). "The Philosophers that Inspired Carl Jung." 
• Wikipedia
• http://yournetastrologer.com/, the web site created by V. K. Choudhry and K. Rajesh Chaudhary, the propounders of Systems' Approach astrology.

Predictions for the USA in 2024

As the new year opens, the legal travails of former President Donald Trump may begin to impact US national cohesion. His supporters may become frustrated if his ability to mount a national campaign is impeded. In the House, Republican efforts to impeach President Joe Biden may continue but not affect Biden's standing. Transit pressures in Biden's chart are shown to ease in the coming year. As 2023 ends, his poll numbers have even begun to rise slightly. 

In the fall, there could be violent events leading up to the Presidential election. The rule of law, the legitimacy of the elections and democracy itself may become challenged. Financial turbulence and a recession are also possible in the fall of 2024. The outcome of the Presidential election seems uncertain, if only the horoscopes of the leading candidates at this stage are considered. Trump has a far more dynamic chart. Nevertheless, Joe Biden may have an edge over Trump on election day.

Period influences

In the SAMVA USA chart, the Moon major period is continuing through 2032, suggesting that the focus of the nation is on the national identity, including its historical role as a refuge and opportunity for immigrants, and on the wellbeing of the citizens. 

Many years ago, I wrote this about the strong Moon in the US horoscope:

"The royal planet Moon is ruler of the chart. It is strong and exalted in eleventh house of income, hopes and friends, giving a visionary nature and excellent financial strength. Aspect from Mars gives technical know-how, magnanimity and lasting fame. Aspect from Jupiter gives a fixed and war-like nature, but also a religious nature. These influences explain the fact that the country has enshrined human freedom in its constitution and sent many manned missions in space, including to the Moon, and brought them safely back again. A strong role for caring is seen."

Given its auspiciousness, the Moon major period gives a huge lift and this has been the case in prior Moon major periods. However, the sub-period, which lasts for only a part of the ten-year major period, has an influence that is more important during its briefer passage. In 2024, the Rahu sub-period will be operating. In the SAMVA USA chart, Rahu is placed in the 10th house MEP, suggesting manipulations and corruption in government and legislative affairs. 

"Rahu periods can be associated with material progress if Rahu is not afflicted or afflicting in a chart. If Rahu is afflicted or afflicting in a chart it tends to be associated with manipulations that may result in significant gains but which usually leads to exposure and significant losses. In the SAMVA USA chart, Rahu is placed in Aries and 10th house, which causes manipulation and crisis in the political sphere. Rahu is also linked to intoxicants, manipulation for selfish ends and criminal activities. Among the professions, Rahu rules unscrupulous salesmen, diplomats, winemakers, shady characters and criminals."

Since the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the term "Crony Capitalism" has come to the fore in the public debate. Last year, Rahu transited the 10th house of government and legislature, when the House Speaker was voted out. In the past there have been many major upheavals in those areas of the national life. As Rahu transits the 9^th house in 2024, this suggests there will be plenty of manipulations and corruption in the affairs of the courts, religious institutions and diplomatic missions. 

As astrologer and author, K. Rajesh Chaudhary, also the co-Propounder of the Systems' Approach, suggests.

"The 9th house rules the judicial system, morality, religion, diplomats, foreign missions, progress and development. The close afflictions to the ninth house or its lord by the malefic planets, especially Rahu or Rahu-like planets, bring the incidence of corrupt practices and setbacks for the fortune of the country."

The transit of Rahu in that house may also undermine international support for the country. 

While transit Rahu passe through the sign of Pisces in a retrograde manner, from 30° to 0°, it will aspect three planets placed in the 5th house as well as the 5th house itself. As such, 5th house matters are also likely to come to the fore in the national life in 2024, involving increased crime, drugs and manipulations, causing harm to young people. Manipulations may create problems for universities, just like the courts.

"The 5th house rules intellectuals, emotional stability, communal harmony, speculative nature of the people, investments, stock exchange, children, population, universities, morals and values of the people. The close natal or transit afflictions to the fifth house or its lord by the most malefic planet or slow-moving planets indicate emotional upset for the country and setbacks to the financial markets of the country."

Two earlier Moon major and Rahu sub-periods took place 1783 -1785 and 1903-1905. Both were periods of progress. However, there were also challenges. Please note that the transits were likely quite different at those times, not accounted for here, thereby also influencing the events that arose.

A. September 9, 1783 to March 10, 1785

Auspicious:

• Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing the independence of the United States. Further, the Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and exchanged ratifications with Great Britain on May 12, 1784.
• After holding its first session in Philadelphia from March 2, 1781, the Congress of the Confederation met next in Trenton, New Jersey, on November 1, 1784, and then moved to New York City in January 1785.
• Land Ordinance of 1784 was passed by the Congress of the Confederation on April 23, 1784, establishing a system for surveying and settling the western lands.

Challenging:

• The United States faced economic and political challenges as a new and independent nation. As set out in the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the Congress of the Confederation lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws. This was the prerogative of the states and they often acted in their own interests. The national debt after the Revolutionary War was huge, and the currency had been worthless since 1779, making people having to resort to a wide array of other but more insecure forms of money. Many veterans of the war were not paid and faced poverty and hardship.
• The United States also faced diplomatic and military threats from Britain, Spain, and Native Americans. Britain refused to evacuate its forts in the Northwest Territory, Spain closed the Mississippi River to American navigation, and Native Americans resisted American expansion into their lands. The Congress of the Confederation was also unable to raise an army or a navy to defend the nation’s interests and borders.
• The United States experienced social unrest and violence, such as the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783, which was a plot by some disgruntled officers of the Continental Army to overthrow the Congress of the Confederation and install a military dictatorship. The conspiracy was foiled by George Washington, who appealed to the officers’ patriotism and loyalty.

B. September 9, 1903 to March 10, 1905

Auspicious:

• Hay-Herran Treaty was signed on January 22, 1903, granting the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the Panama Canal.
• U.S. Census Bureau became part of the new U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903.
• First silent film, The Great Train Robbery, debuted in 1903.
• Wright brothers made the first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903.
• Panama Canal Zone was established on February 26, 1904, after Panama declared its independence from Colombia with U.S. support.
• Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World’s Fair, opened on April 30, 1904, celebrating the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase.
• First subway line in New York City opened on October 27, 1904.

Challenging:

• The United States faced labor and social problems as a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The working conditions in factories, mines, and mills were often harsh, unsafe, and low-paid, and workers had little protection from exploitation and abuse.
• The United States also faced racial and ethnic tensions, as well as immigration issues. The Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the South, and the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups terrorized African Americans and other minorities. 
• The United States also faced political and economic challenges, such as corruption, monopolies, and trusts. The Progressive Era, which began in the late 19th century and lasted until the early 20th century, was a period of social and political reform that aimed to address these issues and improve the lives of the American people.

Based on the above historical facts, and period and transit influences the following developments could take place in the third Moon-Rahu period, notably in 2024:

C. September 9, 2023 to March 10, 2025

Auspicious:

• Some significant advances are to be expected for the progress and development of the country. This may be more so in February and first half of March 2024, when transit 10th lord Mars passes through Capricorn, its sign of exaltation, and in the 7th house of foreign affairs, in June and until mid July, when it passes through its own sign Aries and the 10th house of government and legislature.

Challenging:

• A scandal may erupt in the judicial system, which may undermine the public trust or confidence in the rule of law. Some judge and/or prosecutors may be accused of abusing their power to harm certain candidates, such as former President Trump.
• A foreign war may erupt in the first half of 2024, but with the US not directly involved.
• A debt crisis may erupt in the fall as the public debt soares over $35 trillion, far exceeding the $26 trillion size of the US economy. If the federal government is perceived as being unable fund its operations, the bond market may react with alarm, driving up interest rates and sparking fears of a financial meltdown. Such a crisis would also strain the social safety net, as millions of Americans struggle to afford health care, education, and housing.
• After considerable monetary tightening, a recession may unfold in 2024, resulting in unemployment rate moving up again, adding to the concerns for financial and political stability.
• Allegations of corruption of leaders in the higher education system may emerge at some universities. 
• A mass shooting at a US university is possible in the fall of 2024.
• As the 2024 presidential election approaches, the country may be deeply divided and polarized. Violent clashes may erupt between supporters and opponents of different candidates and parties. The election itself may become marred by controversy and chaos, including allegations of election interference, which may serve to undermine the legitimacy of the election. 
• A threat of a constitutional crisis or civil war may arise, undermining the belief in democracy as a viable political system.
  

Let's examine the transits more closely.

Transit influences in first half of 2024

As the year opens, challenges are seen for the impartial rule of law, as well as for the functioning of the government and legislature. Note that the analysis does not cover the transits of the fast moving planets, which sometimes act as triggers. One exception is the transit of the Sun over the stationary nodal axis in early April and end September, when the President may face a sudden but short-lived crisis.

As 2023 closes and into mid-January 2024: Rahu in Pisces and the 9th house will be forming an exact aspect to natal 8th lord Saturn at 26° 46‘ Scorpio and the 5th house. Manipulation and confusion are possible in the courts involving issues that affect the legitimacy of US politics and society.

In the first three weeks of January 2023: Transit 8L Saturn in the 8^th house will be forming an exact aspect to natal 10^th lord Mars at 10° 09’ Scorpio and 5^th house. Obstacles and endings are likely for the function of the government, legislature and law enforcement.

In the fourth week of January into mid-February 2023: Transit 8^th lord Saturn in the 8^th house will closely aspect transit 6^th lord Jupiter in Aries and 10^th house. Obstacles and endings may create violence associated with conflict in the public sphere. There may be labour strikes or setbacks for the police or US military. Fortunately, this aspect does not become exact, albeit within 1° orb. 

January 1 to February 5, 2024: Transit 10^th lord Mars will pass through Sagittarius and the 6^th house of conflict.  Conflict involving the US government and legislature is likely. Strains in government finances are also possible.

Late March to late May 2024: Transit Rahu will be stationary conjunct the 9th house MEP. Manipulation and cheating are likely to be witnessed in the court system and in obtaining support for the country, with influences on the national identity, higher education, management of the country and speculation.M

In late March and early April of 2024: Transit 8th lord Saturn is passing through the 8th house MEP. This transit may impart setbacks involving obstacles and endings for areas such as speculation, management, university and entertainment, government, legislature and foreign trade, and wealth, close neighbours and status of the country. 'Easy gains' are also possible with regard to the above indications.

April 4-6, 2024:  Transit 2nd lord Sun will pass over transit stationary Rahu in 9th house. This brief transit suggests problems for the President with the courts, religious institutions and general support.

From March 10 to June 10, 2024: Transit Rahu will be stationary at 21° Pisces, the most effective point of the 9th house, from where it also aspects the 5th house, 1st house and the 3rd house. This suggests that manipulative energy will be focused in judicial matters, involving also management, communication and the self image of the country. 

From March 10 to June 10, 2024: Transit Ketu will be stationary at 21° Virgo, the 3rd house MEP, from where it also aspects the 11th house, 7th house and the 9th house. This suggests sudden adverse events involving transportation and communication, foreign relations, judicial matters and income.

Transit influences in the second half of 2024

The transit influences will become decidedly more difficult in the fall of 2024. At that time, violent events are likely to manifest. There is also the risk of a financial panic, possibly involving government debt, as well as a recession. 

From second week of September through 1^st week of November: Transit 6^th lord Jupiter in Taurus and 11^th house will be in stationary aspect to natal 8^th lord Saturn in the 5^th house. This is a violence inducing aspect, suggesting that conflict about the goals, alliances and income of the USA is focused on speculation, management, entertainment and university life. Possibly, there may be a disagreement involving labour unions that turns violent. There is also a possibility that there will be yet another deadly university campus shooting that disturbs the nation.

From mid September through third week of October: Transit 8^th lord Saturn will be conjunct the 8^th house MEP, from where it also aspects the 5^th house, 10^th house and 2^nd house. This transit may impart setbacks involving obstacles and endings for areas such as speculation, management, university and entertainment, government, legislature and foreign trade, and wealth, close neighbours and status of the country. Easy gains are also possible with regard to the above indications.

September 29 to October 1, 2024: Transit 2^nd lord Sun will pass over transit stationary Ketu at 12° Virgo and 3^rd house. This will be a time of a sudden crisis for the President and high ranking leaders, involving government communication and transportation.

From late October to early December: Transit 8^th lord Saturn will be aspected by natal Ketu at 18° Libra and 4H MEP. Fortunately, transit 8^th lord will no longer be stationary, and the aspect comes within 1° but does not become exact, lessening the influence. This is a time when a sudden explosive development is possible involving obstacles and endings. This may be linked to the election, suggesting that there is a sudden adverse development involving the legitimacy, requiring bureaucratic involvement.

From second week of December 2023 to mid January 2024: Transit 8^th lord Saturn will again be conjunct the 8^th house MEP, from where it also aspects the 5^th house, 10^th house and 2^nd house. See above reading for likely influence.

The 2024 US Presidential Election

As  the year 2023 ends, it seems as if Joe Biden will be the Democratic candidate for President in 2024 and that Donald Trump will be the Republican candidate. Of course, this could easily change as both are quite old by now, or 81 and 77 years old, respectively. As that were not enough, both men are being hounded by political opponents over alleged illegalities that would disqualify them from office. Joe Biden stands to be impeached by the GOP controlled House and twice-impeached Donald Trump stands to be prevented from running by his opponents if they have their way in the courts.

Joe Biden has 10° Scorpio rising and at election time will be running a favourable major and sub-period of 4th lord Saturn that is well placed in the 7th house of relationships, leisure and foreign travel. Moreover, as transit 4th lord Saturn is well placed in his 4th house during 2024, his inner harmony and home life is seen to be fairly peaceful. However, the recent transit station of 4th lord Saturn over his Ketu at 7° Aquarius and the MEP of his 4th house, was likely difficult, as it deprived him of exactly those attributes. Now that this transit has passed, things are lightening up for him, including the polls. Even if the affairs of government carry with them a good amount of stress, he seems to have delegated a lot of the work to others. On election day, Joe Biden will be contending with a station of Rahu in the MEP of his 11th house of friendships, goals and income, suggesting that his opponents will continue to make the case that he has received ill gotten gains from foreign sources through his family members that involve government favours in return. Transit Ketu will also be in his 5th house MEP suggesting difficulty surrounding his children, notably Hunter Biden, and that a hands-off management style may become the rule. Nevertheless, he may still have a chance of being re-elected if a health crisis does not sideline him before that date. 

Donald Trump has 6° Leo rising and is running a favourable Jupiter major period, with 5th lord Jupiter, ruling intelligence, management and children, that is well placed and strong in the 2nd house of wealth of status, which had begun to operate just after the election in 2016. The upset win was accurately predicted in 2015 by the late astrologer and author, V. K. Choudhry, the propounder of the Systems' Approach. 

In the 2020 election, Donald Trump was running a less helpful Saturn period, with also his transit 7th lord Saturn passing through the 6th house of conflict. In January and February 2021, upto six planets ganged up in his 6th house, involving him in the battle of his life, the January 6 riot or insurrection (take your pick). This was followed by his second impeachment by the Democrat-controlled House, but which he was also acquitted of by the GOP-led Senate as his transit 1st lord Sun had entered the 7th house and transit 12th lord Moon was in 8th house. 

From mid 2021 until late 2023, Trump was running a supremely strong sub-period of Mercury as 2nd lord in the 11th house. As predicted, Trump rallied after the post-election drubbing and regained his footing as the leader of the Republican party. 

However, in November 2023, his Ketu sub-period began. It will be running until October 2024. Ketu is exalted in the 4th house but it is conjunct a debilitated 12th lord Moon in opposition to exalted Rahu and old age 1st lord Sun in the 10th house. This is not a helpful combination. Indeed, Trump is now beset by him being thrown off the ballot in two states and is faced with numerous court cases that threaten his ability to stand in the election. It is not at all clear that he will make it to the GOP convention as the undisputed leader and candidate of his party. Even if he does so, he will have the Venus sub-period begin in October 2024, with 3rd lord Venus badly placed and weak in infancy in the 12th house of losses, where it is also conjunct 7th lord Saturn. 

At the close of polls on election night, transit 3rd lord Venus will be passing over his 12th lord Moon and Ketu in late Scorpio and 4th house. This is not an ideal combination. That said, his major period lord, transit Jupiter, will be strong in the 10th house in mutual aspect with his natal Jupiter in the 2nd house, in opposition with his natal and transit combination in the 4th house. This suggests some divine grace and some contentment. His 7th lord Saturn will also be strong in the 7th house, which is helpful for relations with others, including spouse. His transit 1st lord Sun will also be debilitated in the 3rd house, owned by his weak natal and transit Venus.

Verdict: It looks like Joe Biden will generally be at peace but face great scrutiny leading up to the election. By comparison, Donald Trump will be faced with a sudden deterioration in his overall position. Spontaneous remarks, that are usually not well received, are his stock in trade and this could sink his campaign in the final stretch. As a result, Joe Biden looks more likely to be re-elected of the two. 

That said, again, both these men may not stand for the election. Many hurdles remain to be overcome. In the event of their dropping out, the charts of those that replace them will then have to be examined for their relative strength to win.  

 

Summary

In the first half of 2024, the Democrats 'lawfare' campaign to end the candidacy of leading Republican, Donald Trump, for President, may create a crisis of legitimacy for the 2024 Presidential elections. Tensions are seen into the summer months. 

However, it is during the fall that most of the problems are expected. There may be violence and financial turbulence leading up to the election. A recession could unfold in 2024, with rising unemployment. The ability of the government to deal with the situation may become challenged, as investors demand higher interest rates on long-term government debt. 

Spark That Lit The World

The Beatles last single "Now and Then" was released on 2 November 2023. It was fittingly accompanied by their first single "Love Me Do", originally released on 5 October 1962. These two songs are separated by over 6 decades, bookending a great catalogue of 188 original Beatles' songs, mostly written and recorded by them between1962 to 1969. 

The event shows up in John Lennon's horoscope in a surprisingly vibrant way.

THE BEATLES' LAST HURRAH

The reworked song is preceded by a 12-minute documentary film “Now And Then – The Last Beatles Song”. It is about the story behind the reworking of Lennon's demo into a proper Beatles song. The film includes exclusive footage and commentary from Paul, Ringo, George, Sean Ono Lennon and Peter Jackson. 

What is remarkable is that the final release will have a contribution of the two living members, Paul McCartney (81) and Ringo Starr (83), with a guitar lick recorded by the late George Harrison for the song in 1995, as well as with Giles Martin, son of their original producer George Martin, at the controls. 

An earlier such transformation of songs by John Lennon happened in 1995, when George, Paul and Ringo collaborated in 1995 on the Beatles Anthology CDs and DVDs. John Lennon's original demo of Free As A Bird was low key, but became quite impressive in the Beatles rendition. 

The earlier Beatles rendition involved a songwriting collaboration that was separated by three decades. It would have been impossible without Paul, as one of the songwriters present. His genius becomes apparent in blending new material seamlessly with John's original song that even manages to improve the original. 

A shortcoming of that recording was that Lennon's vocal was accompanied by his piano playing in the demo. At that time, the two could not be separated without losing either part of the voice or the piano. In the future, also this song may be remastered with the same technology. 

THE SONG

Here is John Lennon's original demo of Now And Then, recorded on a cassette recorder in his apartment in the Dakota building in 1979. As the film narrates, it took modern AI technology (machine learning), as developed by Peter Jackson for the Get Back documentary, to isolate and reconstruct Lennon's vocals. By itself, it became the foundation of the new song. Here is the long awaited Beatles' version.

LENNON'S LUCK

It is interesting to see how this event is reflected in John Lennon's 9° Aries rising chart. Even if he has passed on, his evolving energy remains among his friends, family and fans, who keep his memory and contribution alive. 

Lennon's chart is in the Mercury - Jupiter period. It would be a lucky period, involving his friends. because in the chart, Saturn as 11th lord of friends is conjunct Jupiter as 9th lord of luck and preferment in Aries and the 1st house of Lennon's chart. This combination signifies that his personality attracted great friends. Paul McCartney has repeatedly expressed how lucky he was to know and work with these gifted gentlemen. 

On the eve of the songs release, transit 11th lord Saturn is in Aquarius and the most effective point (MEP, +/- 5° from rising degree, where a planet has most influence) of his 11th house of friends, where it is in opposition aspect with Lennon's Venus as 7th lord of partners, in the MEP of the 5th house of creativity. Saturn has been in Lennon's 11th house MEP since earlier that year. 

At the same time, transit Mars as 1st lord of self is in Libra and the 7th house in opposition to the above natal conjunction. 

Transit 9th lord Jupiter has in recent months also been conjunct the natal duo, amplifying the luck.

Today, transit 5th lord Sun is also in the 7th house conjunct transit 1st lord Mars and opposite transit 9th lord Jupiter in the 1st house. 

What an unusual combination for friendship, partnership, creativity and luck to resurrect John Lennon's voice. 

Finally, as Jupiter and the Sun are also involved with Lennon's 6th lord Mercury in the 7th house, there is also a bittersweet tinge to the happy time.

EPILOGUE

Again, astrology surprises, here involving a deceased person. It suggests the dynamics he set in motion more than forty years ago have carried on with others to this day. This vibrant personality, John Lennon, still echoes powerfully among the living today. 

Republic of Türkiye

Türkiye is situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia and has a rich and complex history that spans thousands of years, from its origins as a center of early civilization to its modern status as a regional power. 

Türkiye's modern political development has been marked by a transition from Ottoman rule to a secular republic under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's leadership in the 1920s. The country adopted a Western-oriented, secular constitution, embracing democratic principles. However, it faces significant challenges due to its unique geographic and cultural position, straddling both the Muslim world and the West. Key challenges include maintaining a balance between secularism and religious influences, managing its independence-striving Kurdish minority issue, navigating regional conflicts, and preserving democratic institutions in a politically polarized environment. Striking this balance remains essential for Turkey to fulfill its potential as a bridge between East and West.

As for its Western aspirations, it is a NATO member and an applicant for membership in the EU. Simultaneously, it is engaged in the affairs of the tumultuous Middle East, necessitating a delicate balance between its Western commitments and emerging Middle Eastern engagements.

A History That Stretches Into The Hoary Past

Over time, Türkiye has been shaped by a diverse array of cultures, religions, and political forces. It has existed under many names. Anatolia is one of the oldest names for the region, deriving from the Greek word "Anatole," meaning "east" or "sunrise." It has been used for millennia to refer to the Asian part of modern-day Türkiye. It was known in Greek and Roman times as Asia Minor. The name, also of Greek origin, was commonly used by ancient Greeks and Romans to describe the western part of Anatolia. It was also known as the Byzantine Empire during the Roman Empire. However, upon its division, the eastern half became the Byzantine Empire, with its capital in Byzantium, later known as Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). It was also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire due to its continuity with the Roman Empire. Following the conquest by the Ottoman Turks, who migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century, they established one of history's most powerful empires, the Ottoman Empire, encompassing Anatolia, Southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the region was briefly known as the Asia Minor Republic before the establishment of the modern entity, the Republic of Turkey. In 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the new entity, adopting the name the Republic of Turkey to emphasize the nation's new beginning, distinct from its imperial and Ottoman past. In 2022, the spelling of the name was changed from Turkey to Türkiye.

The amazing discovery of Göbekli Tepe is reshaping views of Anatolia in a profound way. This archaeological site, located in southeastern Türkiye, challenges conventional beliefs about the region's history. Built around 9600 BCE, it predates Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids, making it one of the world's oldest known religious structures. The discovery has forced scholars to reconsider the capabilities of ancient societies, as it suggests a level of social organization and architectural sophistication previously underestimated. Additionally, it implies that complex religious and symbolic rituals existed much earlier than previously thought

Horoscope for the New Nation

Turkey's Lausanne Conference delegation

In April 2017, a likely authentic horoscope for Türkiye was proposed by astrologer and author, Jayant Kalawar on SAMVA list on Groups Io. It has Virgo rising, an earthy, analytical and adaptable sign. The event he considered was the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24, 1923, in Lausanne, Switzerland. 

This time precedes the founding of the secular republic, which happened on October 29 of that same year. Its importance lies in the act of constituting a new nation. The republican form of government, as embodied in a new constitution, is different. According to the late V. K. Choudhry, the preceptor of Systems' Approach astrologers, a new constitution is not as important as the founding of a nation, in terms of giving birth to the collective entity.

This treaty had momentous implications, as it officially ended the state of war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, which had been ongoing since World War I. The treaty then redefined the borders of modern-day Turkey and established the boundaries of several neighboring countries. It also recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and marked the end of the Ottoman Empire.

Jayant Kalawar chose the time 11:30 a.m. giving 18° Virgo rising. However, further work relocating the event to the pre-capital city of Ankara, which is 2 hours ahead, resulted in adjusting the time to 11:15 a.m. there, to yield 25° Virgo rising. The range of possible ascending degrees is likely bookended by these degrees. Further observation is needed to clarify the exact degree. The 25° Virgo rising degree is easier, however, as it moves the nodes out of the MEP in malefic houses, which otherwise brings more serious problems under nodal period and transit duress. 

The 25° Virgo rising chart suggests the final agreement on the Treaty was reached at 9:15 a.m. in Lausanne. There are reports that the chief representative of Türkiye in Lausanne, Ismet İnönü (center of front row in photo), telephoned Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara that morning to inform him of the signal event. In any event, a late Virgo rising chart has shown promise in prediction since. 

Republic of Türkiye
11:15 a.m. on July 24th 1923 
Ankara, Türkiye

25° Virgo rising

Jayant Kalwar's rationale was as follows:

"1. The proposed chart with Virgo Ascendant is currently in Saturn / Saturn period. 6th lord Saturn is in the Ascendant. Its general signification is of leadership by the non-elite is borne out by the result, while at the same time the 6th lord signification of disharmony in body politic (due to its placement in Ascendant).
2. Further, current transit Saturn is currently under:
- affliction by the 8th aspect of transit most malefic planet (MMP) Mars
and
- influence of 5th aspect of transit Rahu.

This indicates obstructions and confusions to the non-elite leadership represented by Saturn."

 

Authoritarian leader and weak currency

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the President of Turkey since 2014. He is considered as something of an authoritarian ruler, by repressing his political opponents. As such, he also enjoys a strong position to push eclectic economic policies, such as keeping interest rates low for too long. Clearly, Erdogan was trying to engineer faster growth before the election in 2023, but reaped a rapid depreciation of the lira and horrendous inflation. 

Fact: In the past 10 years, the Turkish lira has fallen from 0.5 lira to the dollar to 0.03 lira. In other words, in 2013 it took two lira to buy one US dollar. In 2023, the price has gone up to 33 lira! 

In Systems' Approach astrology, the Sun and Moon become general indicators for currency strength. The Sun, in particular, signifies the power of the state and the leader. For Virgo ascending countries, 2nd lord Venus and 11th lord Moon are also important. 

The Sun, as 12th lord of losses afflicts 1st lord Mercury in the 11th house of income and aspirations. Moreover, Saturn as 6th lord, is in the most effective point (MEP) of the 1st house. This gives an obstinacy of views. This is more so as Saturn afflicts 11th lord Moon in the 3rd house of enterprise, communication and transportation. Saturn also afflicts 2nd lord Venus in the MEP of the 10th house. This suggests Turkey has good and prominent status in world affairs, but that it is way too emphatic in its assertions. 

Deadly 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake

"On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria. The epicenter was 37 km west–northwest of Gaziantep. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) around the epicenter and in Antakya. It was followed by a Mw 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from the first." There was widespread damage and almost sixty thousand people perished with twice that many injured."

There are numerous connections in  the 25° Virgo rising chart for Turkey suggestive of this. First is the affliction of Ketu in the 6th house to 4th lord Jupiter in the 2nd house. Second, there is an affliction involving the 8th lord Mars to both 1st lord Mercury in the 11th house and 4th lord Jupiter in the 2nd house. So, both these conditions are satisfied in this chart.

The Saturn - Mercury period was operating at the time. Transit Ketu was conjunct 4th lord Jupiter in the  2nd house. Transit 2nd lord Venus was conjunct natal Ketu in the 6th house. Transit 8th lord Mars was in the 9th house from where it aspected natal Rahu in the 12th house and natal 11th lord Moon was in the 3rd house. Transit 12th lord Sun was afflicting the 5th, 11th house MEPs, as well as transit 11th lord Moon. Finally, transit 4th lord Jupiter was in the 7th house in aspect to natal 8th lord Mars in the 11th house. In short, the bases were loaded.

2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt

Another important event happened on July 15th, 2016, when a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces, organized as the Peace at Home Council, attempted a coup d'état against state institutions, including the government and president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They attempted to seize control of several places in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris and elsewhere, such as the Asian side entrance of the Bosphorus Bridge, but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of secularism, elimination of democratic rule,[ disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup. The government said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and scholar who lives in Pennsylvania. The Turkish government alleged that Gülen was behind the coup (which Gülen denied) and that the United States was harboring him. Events surrounding the coup attempt and the purges in its aftermath reflect a complex power struggle between Islamist elites in Turkey.

The Jupiter - Rahu period was operating. Rahu is an indicator of manipulation and deceit. Moreover, transit Rahu was conjunct natal Rahu in the 12th house -- the Rahu transit-to-natal return - one of the most painful aspects. Transit 6th lord Saturn was in the 3rd house in aspect to natal and transit Rahu in the 12th house. Tr 1st lord Mercury and transit 2nd lord Venus were conjunct 12th lord Sun in the 11th house. Transit 12th lord Sun was in old age in the 10th house. Finally, transit 6th lord Saturn was in the MEP of the 1st house, in aspect to natal 2nd lord Venus in the 10th house MEP. 

Challenging period and transit combination ahead

In the late Spring or early Summer of 2024, the dual malefic period of Saturn - Ketu will be operating. This is difficult as Ketu afflicts Jupiter in the chart, suggesting setbacks for the borders or status of the country. This period is made more difficult as a number of malefic transit-to-natsl aspects are seen at that time that will be challenging for the country:

1.  A transit nodal station will form over natal 6th lord Saturn in the 1st house MEP, with transit Ketu conjunct, suggesting conflict involving sudden, serious and explosive developments, that adversely impact the image of the country.
2. Transit 6th lord Saturn will become conjunct natal Ketu in the 6th house. This has much the same result, but is more focused on areas of conflict.

With triple such influences at work (including the period combination), a sudden explosive event associated with conflict should be regarded as very likely if this chart is indeed authentic. 

Moreover, as 6th lord Saturn is involved, financial stability and health matters also become important. Meanwhile, Ketu's manifold aspects suggest a separative or isolating influence is involved. This time early next year offers a good predictive test of the authenticity of this chart.

Finally, around April 4th, the Sun, as 12th lord, and general indicator of the leader of the nation, will be in the 7th house, ruling foreign affairs, where it becomes conjunct transit stationary Rahu and opposite natal 6th lord Saturn. A few days later, transit 8th lord Mars will become conjunct Ketu and transit 6th lord Saturn in the 6th house. It is quite possible, in addition to the problems mentioned above, that there may also be change of government at that time. 

Happy Centennial Birthday, Türkiye!!

The Turkish people have made invaluable contributions to the world throughout history, leaving an indelible mark on various fields. Their rich culture, blending Eastern and Western influences, has given birth to exquisite art, captivating music, and delicious cuisine. In science, the groundbreaking work of Turkish scholars has advanced our understanding of medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. The Turkish spirit of hospitality and unity shines through their ability to bridge cultures and build lasting friendships. As a nation at the crossroads of continents, they have historically facilitated trade, dialogue, and cooperation. The Turkish people's enduring legacy is a testament to the power of cultural diversity, innovation, and the strength of the human spirit.

This year is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Türkiye and there is reason to be hopeful for this very special and important nation going forward. It's continued success is important for Europe, the Middle East and the world.